Minggu, 12 Maret 2017

Tujuan Negara

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A. Tujuan negara secara umum
     Setiap manusia mempunyai tujuan dalam kehidupannya. Begitu pula dengan sebuah negara. Setiap negara pasti mempunyai tujuan yang hendak dicapai sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Dasar dan bersangkutan dengan organisasi negara tersebut. Tujuan negara merupakan pedoman untuk mengarahkan segala kegiatan negara, menyusun dan mengendalikan alat perlengkapan negara serta kehidupan rakyatnya. Secara umum negara mempunyai tujuan antara lain sebagai berikut:
1. Memperluas kekuasaan semata
2. Menyelenggarakan ketertiban umum
3. Mencapai kesejahteraan umum

B. Tujuan negara dalam UUD 1945
     Tujuan negara Indonesia dirumuskan dalam sidang periode II BPUPKI (10 – 16 Juli 1945) dan tujuan tersebut disyahkan oleh PPKI pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945. Tujuan negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945 alinea IV yang berbunyi:
“Kemudian daripada itu untuk membentuk suatu Pemerintahan Negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia dengan berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial,....”
    Dari Pembukaan UUD Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 alinea keempat, dinyatakan tujuan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia adalah untuk:
1. Melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia;
2. Memajukan kesejahteraan umum;
3.  Mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa; serta
4.  Ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi, dan keadilan sosial.

C.    Beberapa pendapat ahli tentang tujuan negara
1. Plato (Solly Lubis : 2007)
Tujuan negara adalah memajukan kesusilaan manusia, baik secara individu maupun sebagai makhluk sosial.
2. Roger H. Soltau (Roger H. Soltau : 2007)
Tujuan negara adalah memungkinkan rakyatnya berkembang serta menyelenggarakan daya ciptanya sebebas mungkin.
3. Harold J. Laski (Harold J. Laski : 1947)
Tujuan negara adalah menciptakan keadaan agar rakyat dapat memenuhi keinginannya secara maksimal.
4. Aristoteles (Solly Lubis : 2007)
Aristoteles mengemukakan bahwa tujuan dari negara adalah kesempurnaan warganya yang berdasarkan atas keadilan. Keadilan memerintah harus menjelma di dalam negara, dan hukum berfungsi memberi kepada setiap manusia apa sebenarnya yang berhak ia terima.
5. John Locke (Deddy Ismatullah : 2007)
Tujuan negara menurut John Locke adalah untuk memelihara dan menjamin terlaksananya hak-hak azasi manusia.yang tertuang dalam perjanjian masyarakat.

D. Tujuan negara berdasarkan perspektif Islam
     Tujuan negara menurut ajaran Islam adalah terlaksananya ajaran-ajaran Al Qur’an dan sunnah rasul dalam kehidupan masyarakat guna mewujudkan tercapainya kesejaheraan hidup di dunia dan akhirat kelak baik perseorangan maupun kelompok. (QS: Al Hajj : 41 dan Ali Imran : 110)

E. Teori tentang tujuan negara
1. Teori Shang Yang
     Menurut Shang Yang, tujuan negara adalah mengumpulkan kekuasaan yang sebesar-besarnya. Tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai dengan cara menyiapkan tentara yang kuat, berdisiplin dan bersedia menghadapi segala kemungkinan sehingga negara akan kuat. Sebaliknya rakyat harus lemah sehingga tunduk kepada negara.
2. Teori Nicholo Marchiavelli
     Marchiavelli mengatakan bahwa tujuan negara adalah menghimpun dan memperbesar kekuatan negara agar tercipta kemakmuran, kebesaran, kehormatan dan kesejahteraan rakyat.
3. Teori Negara Hukum
     Teori ini dikemukakan oleh Krabbe. Dalam teori negara hukum, negara bertujuan menyelenggarakan ketertiban umum dengan berdasarkan dan berpedoman pada hukum. Dalam negara hukum segala kekuasaan alat-alat pemerintahannya disasarkan atas hukum. Semua orang tanpa terkecuali harus tunduk dan taat pada hukum. Hanya hukumlah yang berkuasa dalam negara itu.
4. Teori Perdamaian Dunia
     Menurut Dante Alleghiere (Die Monarchia : 1585) menyatakan bahwa tujuan negara adalah menciptakan perdamaian dunia dengan jalan menciptakan:
a. Undang–Undang yang seragam bagi seluruh manusia.
b. Imperium dunia (semua negara harus melebur menjadi satu negara) di bawah kekuasaan seorang Raja (Monarch), sebab selama di dunia masih ada berbagai negara merdeka maka perdamaian dan ketentraman tidak akan terwujud.

Referensi: Prof. Dr. H. Kaelan, M.S.2009.Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan

Language and Linguistics

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Language
 A. Definition of Language
1. Spair, Language: "Language is primarily human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols."
2. A.H. Gardiner, Speech and Language: "Language in its widest sense means the sum total of such signs of our thoughts and feelings as are capable of external perception and as could be produced and repeated at will."
3. Henry Sweet, the History of Language: "Language may be defined as the expression of thought by means of speech sounds".
4. Mario A. Pei and Frank Gaynor define it "A system of communication by sound that is through the organs of speech and hearing among human beings of a certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning."

B. Meaning of Language
     Language means system of sounds, words, patterns used by humans to communicate their thoughts and feelings. So language is the source of expression of thought by means of speech sounds. Language is the most powerful, convenient and permanent means and form of communication.
     Importance of Language in Communication. Any language can play a vital role in learning, it enables you to communicate and understand a subject. Following are reasons to understand language and develop your language skills whether in academic English or professional life.
1. Understand how to use your study material most effectively
2. Learn more and more about language and vocabulary relevant to the academics. For example a study of Journalism and Mass Communication should develop skill relevant to JMC terminologies.
3. When writing assignments it should be well structured and coherent
4. Share your thoughts and opinions with your colleagues, friends, and class fellows or in workplace.

 Linguistics
A. Definition of Linguistics
     Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that is scientifically studdies the rules, system and principles of human languages.

B. Research Areas of Linguistics
  • Phonetics: The study of the different sounds that are employed across all human languages
  • Phonology: The study of patterns of a language's basic sounds  
  • Morphology: The study of the internal structure of words 
  • Syntax: The study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences 
  • Semantics: The study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences 
  • Pragmatics: The study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) incommunicative acts
  • Sociolinguistics: The interaction of the language and the society in which it is spoken  
  • Psycholinguistics: The behaviour of human beings in  their production and  perception of the language
  • Stylistics: The study of style in languages    
  • Dialectology: The study of the variation of a language in different regions and social classes
  • Linguistic Typology: The study of the grammatical features that are employed across all human languages
  • Historical linguistics: The study of language change   
2. Applied Linguistics (in broad sense): uses linguistic theory to address real-world problems
  • Language teaching: Teaching a foreign language (applied linguistics in narrow sense) 
  • Computational linguistics: Speech recognition and synthesis, language understanding, processing, translation and generation
  • Translation and interpreting: Cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication 
  • Speech therapy and speech pathology: Helping people to overcome speech difficulties
  • Lexicography  Writing language reference books (dictionaries, thesauruses)
Referensi: George Yule.2006.The Study of Language

Jumat, 10 Maret 2017

The Characters in The Age of Johnson

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1.   Fanny Burney (13 June 1752-6 January 1840)
Fanny Burney also known as Frances Burney. She was an English novelist, diarist and playwright. She wrote 4 novels, 8 plays, 1 biography and 20 volumes of journals and letters. She began writing at the age of ten. Fanny published her first novel “Evelina” anonymously in 1778. When the book’s authorship was revealed, it brought her almostimmediate fame due to its unique narrative and comic strenght. Her next novels are Cecilia (1782), Camilla (1796) and The Wanderer (1814).

2.    Richard Brinsley Sheridan (30 Oktober 1751-7 July 1816)
Richard was an Irish satirist, playwright, poet and long-term owner of the London Theatre Royal. He is known for his plays such as The Rivals, The School for Scandal, The Duenna and A Trip to Scarborough. He was also a Whig MP for 32 years in the British House of Commons for Stafford (1780-1806), Westminster (1806-1807), and Ilchester (1807-1812). His plays remain a central part of the canon and are regularly performed worldwide.

3.    Christopher Smart (11 April 1722-21 May 1771)
Christopher Smart also known as “Kit smart” or “Jack Smart”. He was an English poet. Smart’s 2 most known works are “A Song to David” and “Jubilate Agno”. Smart was known mainly for his contributions in the journals “The Midwife and The Student” along with his famous Seaton prize poems and his mock epic. Although he is primarily recognised as a religious poet, his poetry includes various other themes, such as his theories on nature and his promotion of English nationalism.

4.    William Cowper (26 November 1731-25 April 1800)
William Cowper was an English poet and hymnodist. One of the most popular poets of his time, Cowper changed directions of 18th century nature poetry by writing everyday life and scenes of the English countryside. He was on of the forerunners of romantic poetry. Cowper was called “The best modern poet” by William Wordsworth who particularly admired his poem “Yardley-Oak”. Some his major work are “Olney Hymns” (1779) that is collaboration with John Newton, John Gilpin (1782), The Task (1785) and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey (1791).


5.    Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796)
Robert was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language. He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement. His poem (and song) "Auld Lang Syne" is often sung at Hogmanay (the last day of the year), and "Scots Wha Hae" served for a long time as an unofficial national anthem of the country. Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include "A Red, Red Rose", "A Man's a Man for A' That", "To a Louse", "To a Mouse", "The Battle of Sherramuir", "Tam o' Shanter" and "Ae Fond Kiss".

Referensi: Michael Alexander.2000.A history of english literature

Rabu, 08 Maret 2017

UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA

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Fakultas-fakultas yang ada di UIN SUNAN KALIJAGA:
  1. Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya
  2. Fakultas Dakwah dan Komunikasi
  3. Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan
  4. Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum
  5. Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Pemikiran Islam
  6. Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
  7. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora
  8. Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam
  9. Pascasarjana

Biodataku

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Nim: 16150020
Nama: Almira Luna Humaira
Jurusan: Sastra Inggris
Fakultas: Adab dan Ilmu Budaya
Alamat: Purwomartani, Kalasan, Sleman, Yogyakarta
Tanggal Lahir: 4 Agustus 1997
Hobby: Membaca, menonton film, mendengarkan musik
Motto: Do the best! Not just you, everybody will be happy.
 

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